Most of the labour is provided by family members and is. Solved compare the government policy on wheat farming in kenya and canada. Plantation crops were determined by soil and climate, with tobacco, cotton, rice, indigo, and sugarcane, for example, each predominating in a certain zone of the southeastern colonies of north america the labourintensive plantation declined. First, the domestic economy of a plantation hinterland is structurally part of an overseas economy. It is a large farm with the cultivation of a limited number of cash crops, carried out using scientific and efficient methods. Department of agriculture, forest service, southern research station. Plantation agriculture is practiced in kerala, assam, karnataka, and maharashtra.
While exporting mainly primary commodities also, the role of the govern. However, there are different opinions on the minimum size to qualify an undertaking as a plantation. For example, rubber, tea, coffee, cocoa, spices, coconut and fruit crops like apples, grapes, oranges, etc. Smallscale agriculture smallscale agriculture is the type of agriculture that is practiced on relatively small plots of land. Agriculture in ethiopia is the foundation of the countrys economy, accounting for half of gross domestic product gdp, 83. Plantations are only capable of producing a single crop which takes long time to grow. Plantation crops are generally raised on large estates of more than 40 hectares. The plantation system however is considerably older in tropical america than in asia and africa. Countries that have plantation agriculture usually experience high annual temperatures and receive high annual rainfall.
In small scale agriculture the land do not exceed four hectare. Less than 50% of population engaged in agriculture, forestry and fishing, andor concentration of tourism, industry, commerce, and construction, andor served with greatest frequency by independently owned transport vehicles allowing residents to commute to work in. Many srs publications are available at cost via the government printing office gpo. Jun 27, 2016 five characteristics of plantation farming. Globalization, agriculture, and the least developed countries1,2 introduction this paper examines the importance of agriculture in poverty alleviation and sustainable economic growth and development of the least developed countries ldcs. A matter of scale and perspective article pdf available in forestry chronicle 863. Examples of the agricultural raw materials includes cotton, coffee, sisal, pyre thrum, tea, cocoa and palm oil. Large land areas are needed for this type of agriculture.
Plantations exist on every continent possessing a tropical climate. Jul 22, 2015 smallscale agriculture smallscale agriculture is the type of agriculture that is practiced on relatively small plots of land. Students were required to identify different environmental impacts of subsistence and commercial agriculture the agricultural types to which wet rice and wheat farming belong in parts c and d. The plantation sector in indonesia is a large contributor to national income and at the same time maintains quite a large sector of employment.
Soil profile characteristics of a 25yearold windrowed loblolly pine plantation in louisiana. Palm oil plantation plantation indonesia industry lanscape. For agriculture to develop, a renewed emphasis is required on policies and. Plantation agriculture plantation agriculture is a form of commercial farming where crops are grown for profit. I forest plantations julian evans encyclopedia of life support systems eolss forest plantations julian evans.
Plantation crops were determined by soil and climate, with tobacco, cotton, rice, indigo, and sugarcane, for example, each predominating in a certain zone of the southeastern colonies of north america. Investment was much more significant as the owners of the capital also lived in those colonies. The specialised commercial cultivation of cash crops on estates or. Vegetation community and soil characteristics of abandoned. Pdf negative or positive effects of plantation and. Plantation agriculture in the tropics semantic scholar. What are the characteristics features of plantation. Forest characteristics background paper to the kotka v expert consultation 1 introduction the term forest encompasses a variety of different kinds of forests, both in terms of species composition, structure and degree of modification caused by humans, animals, diseases and natural disasters. Oil palm malaysia pg 54 slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. A plantation house is the main house of a plantation, often a substantial farmhouse, which often serves as a symbol for the plantation as a whole. Latin american plantations are most likely to grow coffee, sugarcane and bananas white ki plantations may provide rubber and palm oil. In order to determine the changes in the characteristics of the vegetation and soil following agricultural abandonment and compare the effects of different restoration approaches on ecosystem recovery, we studied the vegetation community and soil characteristics nutrients, bulk density, water content and ph of pinus tabulaeformis plantations and abandoned croplands in different successional. Plantation agriculture is more than 400 years old and contributes to the regional and national economies in many tropical countries.
Agriculture the science and art of cultivation on the soil, raising crops and rearing livestock. Despite the longterm history of plantation agriculture. Social and environmental implications of plantation. However, womens full potential in agriculture must be realised if the goal of promoting agricultural and rural development is to be achieved. Protectionist policies and natural comparative advantage have sometimes contributed to determining where plantations are located. Food and agriculture organization fao, the principal body responsible for. It is characterized by a low fallow ratio, higher use of inputs such as capital and labour, and higher crop yields per unit land area. Download fulltext pdf negative or positive effects of plantation and intensive forestry on biodiversity. In the mature plantation economies, with all or most land engrossed by plantation agriculture, freed labour had little choice but to continue working as. Characteristics of smallscale agriculture at subsistence level. Describe any five important characteristics of plantation farming. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Pdf downloads current agriculture research journal.
Plantation agriculture is a form of commercial farming where crops are grown. Overall, womens contribution to agriculture is poorly understood and their specific needs ignored in development planning. The term plantation in relation to farming is informal, and not exactly defined. Plantation crops plantations are essentially large agricultural undertakings, but they also have certain industrial characteristics. This farming industry occupies approximately two lots of land. Plantation is a form of commercial agriculture found in the tropics and the subtropics of america, africa and asia. Characteristics of the commercial plantation estate total plantation estate in 201718 australias total commercial plantation area was 1,942,700 hectares, as reported by plantation growers and managers figure 1. Plantations, contract farming and commercial farming areas in. Smallscale agriculture is practiced for both subsistence and commercial purposes.
The specialised commercial cultivation of cash crops on estates or plantations is a very distinctive type of tropical agriculture and is found in. Farmers handbook on basic agriculture acknowledgement h igher demand for agricultural raw material is now anticipated and agriculture is not any more about producing farm products and selling them exclusively at the local market. Plantation agriculture is usually considered distinct from subsistence agriculture, which refers to food crop production, while the former is generally devoted to commercial crops. Globalization, agriculture and the least developed countries. Countries that have plantation agriculture usually experience tropical climat. Characteristics of plantation agriculture now that we know. Four characteristics of plantation agriculture 2797391 plantation estates are very large, covering thousands of hectares and are normally run by huge foreign or local private companies. Soil profile characteristics of a 25yearold windrowed. Describe any five important characteristics of plantation. In 1982 the ilo amended the 1958 plantations convention to exclude holdings of less than 5 ha and ten workers. In the settler economy, plantation agriculture was controlled by european settlers that confiscated land and marginalized indigenous people. Disadvantages are the financial risks due to fluctuating world market prices, the dependence on cheap labour and often advanced technology, which requires imports and foreign exchange.
This summarizes information by tea growing region detailing estate attributes time established, land under crop production, type and maturity of crops and yield, labor number of workers, malefemale split and technical staff, power supply and any green technology, certification status, other onsite agricultural. But that distinction appears insufficient, as plantation agriculture can also involve the production of food crops, such as bananas or sugarcane, while food crops. The tropical plantation is one of the worlds oldest systems of commercial agriculture. Plantations provide the silver lining to our agriculture, with high level of productivity and employment, apart from their catalysing contributions towards rural development. Electronic versions of publications may be downloaded. Urban, or urban function related, as defined by functional and economic relationships. Latin american plantations are most likely to grow coffee, sugarcane and bananas white ki. The entrepreneurs inject substantial capital to the moribund, underdeveloped economy that converts it into a vibrant, dynamic economy. The tropical areas of latin america, asia and africa are the areas where plantation agriculture has been developed. Colonies were expected to provide raw materials, both agricultural products and minerals, to the factories of the european countries.
What are the characteristics of plantation agriculture. Agriculture in africa 3 our continent has enormous potential, not only to feed itself and eliminate hunger and food insecurity, but also to be a major play. Plantation agriculture grew rapidly with the increase in international trade and the development. Please and thank you ive already got some answers, i just need to beef up my paragraph a bit. Answers 1 how do you compare government policy on wheat farming in kenya and canada.
Product of the plantation farming is totally dependent on international market. What are the characteristics of plantation farming in kenya. In africa, plantation crops include sugar, tea, cocoa, tobacco, cotton, rubber and grapevine. Plantation agriculture is a form of commercial farming where crops are grown for profit. Forest plantations encyclopedia of life support systems. The agricultural sector needs to employ a wide range of evolving technologies and farm practices across many different farming systems and structures to meet a variety of. Mar 06, 2012 plantation agriculture is a form of commercial farming where crops are grown for profit. Typical characteristics and variables of plantations.
Plantation houses in the southern united states and in other areas are known as quite grand and expensive architectural works today, though most were more utilitarian, working farmhouses. Instead farmers today have a world market to serve. However, the type of farming will generally refer to growing crops on a large scale that are to be exported, with. Intensive agriculture, also known as intensive farming as opposed to extensive farming and industrial agriculture, is a type of agriculture, both of crop plants and of animals, with higher levels of input and output per cubic unit of agricultural land area. The characteristic features of this type of farming are large estates or plantations. Answers 1 what are the problems affecting wheat farming in canada. Tea production characteristics of tea growers plantations. Farm system agriculture or farming can be looked at as a system.
The specialised commercial cultivation of cash crops on estates or plantations is a. Since 1500 ad, the products from over a dozen tropical crops have been in constant demand by people in the temperate regions. In part a identification of the two crops shown in the pictures was followed by a discussion on differences in economic geography in part b. Plantation farming emerged as a largescale system of specialized agriculture in the tropics under european colonialism, in opposition to smallholding subsistence agriculture. A plantation is the largescale estate meant for farming that specializes in cash crops. The various types of agriculture in india practiced by farmers. Read this article to learn about the advantages and disadvantages of plantation farming. Production characteristics for plantation estates are provided in table 1. The important inputs are seeds, fertilisers, machinery and pisciculture breeding of fish in specially constructed tanks and ponds.
Ethiopia s agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation 1 caused by overgrazing, deforestation, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure making it. Theory and practice in plantation agriculture overseas. Plantations are mainly found in countries that have a tropical climate. In the mature plantation economies, with all or most land engrossed by plantation agriculture, freed labour had little choice but to continue working as subsistence wage labour. In an ongoing effort to be fiscally responsible, the southern research station srs will no longer produce and distribute hard copies of our publications. Despite largescale plantations in the tropics, smallholdings have consistently formed the backbone of rural economies, to the extent that they have become the main producers of some of the former plantation crops. Pure plantation economy three main characteristics of the pure plantation economy are identified. The typical plantation was a selfsustained community, an economic and political institution governed with a monopoly of authority by the planter. Slavery and plantations had different characteristics in different regions of the south. It refers to the large scale, capitalised and often highly centralised cultivation in the plantations of cash crops for export. Peasant farming is firstly defined as the cultivation of crops and rearing of animals on a small scale.
The crops that are grown include cotton, coffee, tea, cocoa, sugar cane, opium, sisal, oil seeds, oil palms, fruits, rubber trees, and forest trees. From an ecological point of view, the reconstruction of a vegetation cover through forest plantation restores the productivity of the land in terms of reduction of air pollution, regulation. The adoption of technologies for sustainable farming systems is a challenging and dynamic issue for farmers, extension services, agribusiness and policymakers. A plantation is an estate or a large piece of land in which a certain type of crop or plant is grown and processed. Total plantation area decreased by 12,400 hectares 0. In particular for palm plantations, the continued growth in demand for palm oil over the past few decades has resulted in rapid expansion in the production of palm oil around the world.
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